Author contributions: All the authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this submitted manuscript and approved submission.
Research funding: None declared.
Employment or leadership: None declared.
Honorarium: None declared.
Competing interests: The funding organization(s) played no role in the study design; in the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data; in the writing of the report; or in the decision to submit the report for publication.
References
1. Rogosnitzky M, Branch S. Gadolinium-based contrast agent toxicity: a review of known and proposed mechanisms. Biometals 2016;29:365–76.10.1007/s10534-016-9931-7Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
2. FDA Drug Safety Communication: FDA warns that gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs) are retained in the body; requires new class warnings. Silver Spring, USA: U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 2017.Search in Google Scholar
3. McDonald RJ, McDonald JS, Kallmes DF, Jentoft ME, Murray DL, Thielen KR, et al. Intracranial gadolinium deposition after contrast-enhanced MR Imaging. Radiology 2015;275:772–82.10.1148/radiol.15150025Search in Google Scholar PubMed
4. Barr DB, Wilder LC, Caudill SP, Gonzalez AJ, Needham LL, Pirkle JL. Urinary creatinine concentrations in the U.S. population: implications for urinary biologic monitoring measurements. Environ Health Perspect 2005;113:192–200.10.1289/ehp.7337Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
5. Semelka RC, Ramalho J, Vakharia A, AlObaidy M, Burke LM, Jay M, et al. Gadolinium deposition disease: initial description of a disease that has been around for a while. Magn Reson Imaging 2016;34:1383–90.10.1016/j.mri.2016.07.016Search in Google Scholar PubMed
6. Le Mignon M-M, Chambon C, Warrington S, Davies R, Bonnemain B. Gd-DOTA. Pharmacokinetics and tolerability after intravenous injection into healthy volunteers. Investig Radiol 1990;25:933–7.10.1097/00004424-199008000-00010Search in Google Scholar
7. Alwasiyah D, Murphy C, Jannetto P, Hogg M, Beuhler MC. Urinary gadolinium levels after contrast-enhanced MRI in individuals with normal renal function: a pilot study. J Med Toxicol 2019;15:121–7.10.1007/s13181-018-0693-1Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
8. Nainani N, Panesar M. Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis. Am J Nephrol 2009;29:1–9.10.1159/000149628Search in Google Scholar PubMed
9. Rogowska J, Olkowska E, Ratajczyk W, Wolska L. Gadolinium as a new emerging contaminant of aquatic environments. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:1523–34.10.1002/etc.4116Search in Google Scholar PubMed
©2020 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
