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Induced Resistance and Defense Primings

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Molecular Approaches for Sustainable Insect Pest Management

Abstract

Priming is a phenomenon in which plants upon treatment with a resistance-inducing agent acquire an enhanced defensive capacity to respond faster and/or stronger at the moment that the plant is exposed to biotic or abiotic stresses. The priming can be found in different induced resistance systems to decrease lag time from the start of defense activation to the point when the defense is fully activated as well as to decrease the trade-off between induced resistance and the cost of defense activation. In addition, numerous chemical compounds, often of natural origin, have been found to act as priming stimuli. Priming also contributes in the existing relationship between members of a tritrophic system when plants upon damage by herbivorous arthropods release a mixture of HIPVs, green leaf volatiles (GLVs), terpenoids, and others to attract natural enemies of the herbivores. Interestingly, when there is a strong selection pressure on plants, they can evolve mechanisms by which they pass the parental memory of herbivory to their progeny for enhanced defense, known as transgenerational priming. Heavy metals and some mineral elements like silicon can lead to priming in plants. Among different priming approaches, seed priming in which seeds expose to specific compounds to enhance seed germination was found to be a promising approach because it should enable seedlings to mount a robust immune response and thereby remain disease-free (or only moderately infected) for a long time with minimal labor and expense. However, although it has been reported that priming compared to elicitation generally results in low fitness costs for the plant, it could lead to the downregulation of some resistance pathways or could sensitize plants such that they respond to false alarm signals. Overall, new findings on priming and other upcoming techniques like symbiotic control and endophytes open a new era regarding biological control concepts in which not only natural enemies and pests are important, but also other factors like microorganisms that are in association with natural enemies (endosymbionts) and plants (endophytes) have a main important contribution.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Lipoxygenase.

  2. 2.

    Plant defensin 1.2.

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Acknowledgments

The authors are grateful to Mousa Abdollahipour, PhD student of Entomology at Tarbiat Modares University, for his great assistance in preparing the figures.

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  1. Plant Protection Research Department, Hormozgan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Bandar Abbas, Iran

    Abdoolnabi Bagheri

  2. Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran

    Yaghoub Fathipour

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  1. Abdoolnabi Bagheri
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  2. Yaghoub Fathipour
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Correspondence to Yaghoub Fathipour .

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  1. Department of Zoology, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Omkar

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Bagheri, A., Fathipour, Y. (2021). Induced Resistance and Defense Primings. In: Omkar (eds) Molecular Approaches for Sustainable Insect Pest Management. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-3591-5_3

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