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Licensed Unlicensed Requires Authentication Published by De Gruyter August 29, 2022

Prognostic significance of smudge cell percentage in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Facts or artifacts? Methodological considerations and literature review

  • Antonio La Gioia ORCID logo EMAIL logo , Paolo Chiarugi , Maurizio Fumi , Fabiana Fiorini , Celeste Giampietro ORCID logo , Enrico Michelucci , Franca Veroni , Marcello Fiorini ORCID logo , Francesca Aquila , Vincenzo Rocco and Giovanni Pellegrini

Corresponding author: Antonio La Gioia, MD, Laboratory Medicine, Docemus, via Valleparo, 8, 66010 Torrevecchia Teatina, Italy, Mobile: +39 3281186642, Fax: +39 0587 350769, E-mail:

  1. Research funding: None declared.

  2. Author contributions: La Gioia A, Pellegrini G, Fiorini M. and Vincenzo Rocco contributed to the conception and design of the study. Chiarugi P. Michelucci E, Fiorini F, Veroni F, Aquila F and Giampietro C. were involved in the hematological evaluation of results and in the microscopic review, La Gioia A and Fumi M. supervised the study. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. All authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this manuscript and approved its submission.

  3. Competing interests: Authors state no conflict of interest.

  4. Informed consent: Not applicable.

  5. Ethical approval: The local Institutional Review Board deemed the study exempt from review.

References

1. Nowakowski, GS, Hoyer, JD, Shanafelt, TD, Geyer, SM, LaPlant, BR, Call, TG, et al.. Using smudge cells on routine blood smears to predict clinical outcome in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: a universally available prognostic test. Mayo Clin Proc 2007;82:449–53. https://doi.org/10.4065/82.4.449.Search in Google Scholar

2. Szerafin, L, Jakó, J, Riskó, F, Hevessy, Z. The prognostic value of smudge cells (Gumprecht shadows) in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Orv Hetil 2012;153:1732–7. https://doi.org/10.1556/oh.2012.29477.Search in Google Scholar

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6. Marionneaux, SM, Keohane, EM, Lamanna, N, King, TC, Mehta, SR. Smudge cells in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: pathophysiology, laboratory considerations, and clinical significance. Lab Med 2021;52:426–38. https://doi.org/10.1093/labmed/lmaa119.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

7. Sall, A, Seck, M, Fall, S, Sall, FB, Faye, BF, Ndiaye, FS, et al.. Smudge cells percentage on blood smear is a reliable prognostic marker in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Hematol Transfus Cell Ther 2022;44:63–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.htct.2021.04.002.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

8. Herishanu, Y, Kay, S, Joffe, E, Ben-Ezra, J, Baron, S, Rotman, R, et al.. Integration of automated morphological features resolves a distinct group of atypical chronic lymphocytic leukemias with chromosomal aberrations. Leuk Res 2014;38:484–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leukres.2014.01.008.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Received: 2022-07-08
Accepted: 2022-08-22
Published Online: 2022-08-29
Published in Print: 2022-10-26

© 2022 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

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