Abstract
Objectives
Conventionally, reference intervals are established by direct methods, which require a well-characterized, obviously healthy study population. This elaborate approach is time consuming, costly and has rarely been applied to steroid hormones measured by mass spectrometry. In this feasibility study, we investigate whether indirect methods based on routine laboratory results can be used to verify reference intervals from external sources.
Methods
A total of 11,259 serum samples were used to quantify 13 steroid hormones by mass spectrometry. For indirect estimation of reference intervals, we applied a “modified Hoffmann approach”, and verified the results with a more sophisticated statistical method (refineR). We compared our results with those of four recent studies using direct approaches.
Results
We evaluated a total of 81 sex- and age-specific reference intervals, for which at least 120 measurements were available. The overall agreement between indirectly and directly determined reference intervals was surprisingly good as nearly every fourth reference limit could be confirmed by narrow tolerance limits. Furthermore, lower reference limits could be provided for some low concentrated hormones by the indirect method. In cases of substantial deviations, our results matched the underlying data better than reference intervals from external studies.
Conclusions
Our study shows for the first time that indirect methods are a valuable tool to verify existing reference intervals for steroid hormones. A simple “modified Hoffmann approach” based on the general assumption of a normal or lognormal distribution model is sufficient for screening purposes, while the refineR algorithm may be used for a more detailed analysis.
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Research funding: Non-declared.
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Author contribution: All authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this manuscript and approved its submission.
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Competing interests: Authors state no conflict of interest.
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Informed consent: Not applicable.
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Ethical approval: Research involving human subjects complied with all relevant national regulations, institutional policies and is in accordance with the tenets of the Helsinki Declaration (as revised in 2013), and has been approved by the responsible Ethics Board of the Medical Faculty of the University of Heidelberg (S-566/2021).
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Supplementary Material
The online version of this article offers supplementary material (https://doi.org/10.1515/cclm-2022-0603).
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